OpenSSL Missing Cryptographic Step Vulnerability - CVE-2026-45445

Issue summary: When an application drives an AES-OCB context through the public EVP_Cipher() one-shot interface the application-supplied initialisation vector (IV) is silently discarded. Impact summary: Every message encrypted under the same key uses the same effective nonce regardless of the IV supplied by the caller resulting in (key nonce) reuse and loss of confidentiality. If the same code path is used to compute the authentication tag the tag depends only on the (key IV) pair and not on the plaintext or ciphertext allowing universal forgery of arbitrary ciphertext from a single captured message. OpenSSL provides two ways to drive a cipher: the documented streaming interface (EVP_CipherUpdate / EVP_CipherFinal_ex) and a lower-level one-shot EVP_Cipher() whose documentation explicitly recommends against use by applications in favour of EVP_CipherUpdate() and EVP_CipherFinal_ex(). The OCB provider39s streaming handler flushes the application-supplied IV into the OCB context before processing data the one-shot handler did not. Every call to EVP_Cipher() on an AES-OCB context therefore ran with the all-zero key-derived offset state left by cipher initialisation regardless of the caller39s IV. If EVP_EncryptFinal_ex() is subsequently used to obtain the authentication tag the deferred IV setup runs at that point and clears the running checksum that should have been accumulated over the plaintext. The resulting tag is a function of (key IV) only and verifies against any ciphertext produced under the same (key IV) pair. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not affected: AES-OCB is not a TLS cipher suite and libssl does not call EVP_Cipher() in any case. Applications that drive AES-OCB through the documented streaming AEAD API (EVP_CipherUpdate / EVP_CipherFinal_ex) are not affected. Only applications that combine the AES-OCB cipher with the EVP_Cipher() one-shot API are vulnerable. The FIPS modules in 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.4 and 3.0 are not affected by this issue as AES-OCB is outside the OpenSSL FIPS module boundary.